Primary Proof of the Bible: Types (Foreshadowings) of the Antichrist throughout History


--Aeschylus ("shame")-Sophocles ("key to Wisdom")-Euripides ("tossed about" by a demon) [5th Century Athens] ~ The Holy Trinity are the sources of the most beautiful & profound plays!
            Their sets of 3 plays + 1 satyr play written in Greek about Prometheus, Oedipus, Bacchus, Iphigenia, etc. (i.e. Antichrist)
~ The Gospels of Matt.-Mark-Luke (“synoptic”[seen together] Gospels) + John, in Greek about Jesus

---Satan's means of bringing the whole population of Athens into worshipping demons & of distracting millions from the Bible throughout history
---Zeus, Iphigenia (made by God to resemble Isaac of Genesis 22, a type of Christ), Apollo the SUN god, Agamemnon (Aeschylus’s Agamemnon)
---Prometheus (Aeschylus's Prometheus Bound): Jesus the friend of man was nailed to a cross because he desired to bestow benefits on mankind

promPrometheus
---Oedipus ("swollen foot" because pierced there) (Sophocles’s Oedipus the King and Oedipus at Colonus): Jesus saves humans from destruction by the death of his human body
---*Antigone (Sophocles’s Antigone)
---Philoctetes (Sophocles's Philoctetes): "There is only one name under heaven [Jesus, the one bruised in the heel by the Ancient Serpent] by which men [the Greeks] can be save"; Jesus, not Philoctetes, is the unique savior of the Greeks!
---Dionysus/Bacchus the god [said to be born of a virgin on Dec. 25th, ~500 BC] (Sophocles’s Antigone & Euripides’s Bacchae): Jesus will harshly punish those who refuse to recongize that He is God & the Son of God; everyone must joyfully worship Jesus, not Dionysus

elvisElvis Presley "King of Rock & Roll" (see below)Bacchusoncross
---Hippolytus (Euripides’s Hippolytus) (made by God to resemble Joseph of Genesis 37-50, a type of Christ)

ParthenonParthenon athenaStatue of Athena inside Parthenon is a type ofTHE ABOMINATION OF DESOLATION IN THE "HOLY" (Gk. "HAGIOS") PLACE (Matt. 24:15) a.k.a. "THE IMAGE OF THE BEAST" (Rev. 13:14)

 

AESCHYLUS ("disgrace")-SOPHOCLES ("Key to Wisdom")-EURIPIDES: The Father-The Son ("Wisdom")-The Holy Spirit
All three of these writers throughout their lives wrote sets of FOUR plays, the first THREE of which formed a trilogy, while the FOURTH one, a satyr [the demonic being which Socrates is compared to] play, seemed very different in content from the other three!  God CONCEALED this fact by having many of the satyr plays vanish and many of the trilogies surviving only in part, but He did preserve some trilogies: the Oresteia (i.e. about Orestes) of Aeschylus and the Oedipus plays of Sophocles!  Satan, therefore, has each of these writers symbolize the fact that The Trinity, symbolized by each of these tragedians, is the true author of all four Gospels which are all about Him, and that one of the Gospels which it authored looks quite different from the synoptic Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke!  Satan does this again with Apollonius’ Conics, as I will later discuss!

These three men were possessed by demons, because their plays were principally directed at bringing their captive audiences to worship demons like Zeus & Dionysus in place of the true God:

-Zeus, Lord of heaven!...Zeus, Lord of hospitality,
In grateful awe I bend to thee. Aeschylus's Agamemnon.

-Last line of Sophocles's Antigone: Wisdom is the supreme part of happiness [these demons are quite intelligent, aren't they?]; and reverence towards the gods must be inviolate.

--O Bacchus...son begotten of Zeus; appear, O king, with thine attendant Thyiads, who in night-long frenzy dance before thee, the giver of good gifts, Iacchus! Antigone

-In the Bacchae, Euripides threatens people with utter destruction if they don't worship Dionysus joyously

--Meaning of Euripides' name: http://www.behindthename.com/nmc/gre-anci.php Derived from the Greek elements ευ "good" and ‘ριπη (rhipe) "throw, swing". The related verb "ripto" can mean to "cast a net," and to "throw to and fro." Thus, Euripides was thoroughly controlled by a demon[s].

 

-AESCHYLUS’S AGAMEMNON (Written in 5th Century B.C.)6

God is mentioned on practically every page of Agamemnon, as we too should speak continuous praise of God (Hebrews 13:15)!!!!!!  Everything said about God is remarkably consistent with everything said about God in the Bible, including the following facts: (in parentheses, I mention other plays in which I recall these beliefs were expressed)

-The goddess Artemis is described as “undefiled” (v.133), as the God is described in the Bible as perfectly good. 

-The gods are able to give people like Cassandra the power to predict the future, as the God of the Bible gives this power to Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, etc. (Sophocles’s Oedipus)

-Both the gods and God refuse to hear the prayers of wicked men. (v. 396)

-Both the gods and God reward good and punish evil, such as the cruelty of the Greeks to the Trojans. (pg. 39) (Sophocles’s Antigone & Euripides’s Bacchae)

-As it is said in 1 John that God is love, Agamemnon speaks of “the kind eyes of God”!!! (v.952: my favorite phrase of the whole play!)

-Both the gods and God particularly favor the poor, because the poor are more likely to be “just” than the rich (v.773). 

-Both the gods and God are particularly angered by people who exalt themselves instead of exalting God, so much so that Agamemnon is even afraid to walk on expensive robes laid out for him by Clytaemestra lest a “god’s eyes of hatred strike me from afar” (v. 947), and says that “such a state becomes the gods and none beside.” (v. 922) Truly did God say “I will not give my glory to another.” (including the Virgin Mary, friends who practice Catholicism and worship Mary) (Isaiah 48:11) (the 1st choral ode of Sophocles’s Antigone, where Zeus destroys a boaster)

-Both the gods and God require to be prayed to.  He has the Chorus call Apollo, the SUN god, paiana, which means “healer,” “physician,” or “savior,” as God the SON heals our spiritual sicknesses and thereby saves us! (v.146) Many gods in the few centuries preceding Jesus’ coming were considered “saviors” and “healers,” especially the god of medicine Asclepius/Aeschulapius.7   Also, the Colossus of Rhodes, which has been resurrected as the Statue of Liberty, was a statue of Apollo the SUN GOD and had a crown of SEVEN thorns, just as Jesus has a crown of thorns and is much larger than any human because He is everywhere! Furthermore, Apollo is very benevolent toward Orestes in Aeschylus’s Eumenides, by protecting him from destruction by the Furies. (Bacchus/Dionysus is said in Sophocles’s Antigone to bring “cleansing”)

-Aeschylus even calls God the Good Shepherd who knows the hearts of all men, as Jesus calls Himself the Good Shepherd in John 10!!!  “In joy likewise they show joy’s semblance, and torture the face to the false smile.  Yet the GOOD SHEPHERD, who knows his flock, the eyes of men cannot lie to him that with water of feigned love seem to smile from the true heart.” (v.793-798)

-The only “error” about God which I found after a careful re-reading is that there are said to be TWELVE gods, but nevertheless Aeschylus repeatedly emphasized that one, Zeus, symbol of God the Son, was supreme over the other 11, symbols of Christ’s disciples perhaps, excluding the traitor Judas!  Compare “Zeus, Zeus, cause of all (panaitiou), prime mover.  For what thing without Zeus is done among mortals?  What here is without God’s blessing?” (v.1485-87) with: “[The LORD] works all things according to the counsel of His will. (Ephesians 1:11) Indeed, for Zeus as well as God has control over the actions of men (such as sending people to war) and over nature (including storms [pg.55] and thunder [pg.49]). 

-A god even orders the sacrifice of the “innocent blood” (v.215) of Iphigenia at the hands of her father Agamemnon King of the Greeks for the victory of the Greeks in war and for the salvation of the Greeks from suffering such as hunger. (v. 192) TRULY DID KING OF THE WORLD GOD THE FATHER ORDER HIMSELF TO SACRIFICE HIS INNOCENT SON JESUS TO HELP PEOPLE ACHIEVE “VICTORY” [a word often used in Revelation 2-3, Psalms, and Isaiah to describe salvation] AND SAVE PEOPLE FROM SUFFERING! (God appears to have concealed this resemblance between Jesus & Iphigenia by calling her a “she,” perhaps in part so that the Gospel writers wouldn’t be accused of basing their account on plays like Agamemnon!)

 

-PROMETHEUS (AESCHYLUS'S PROMETHEUS BOUND)
-hands and other parts of his body "nailed" by the god Hephaestus, at the order of the god Zeus, "the Father"
-he is a god (verse 91)
-he knows everything (100)
-punished because of his “excessive love of man” (122) which caused him to give man “precedence” over himself so that he chose to suffer for man’s well-being (291)
-brought fire to man (255), as Jesus brings “light” to the world (John 8:12)
-refers to the “cup” of his suffering (378), the same way Jesus refers to his suffering (Matthew 26: “let this cup be taken from me”)
-gave minds to humans (443), including the power to tell the future and to know how to make medicine, ships, and more
-death is not decreed for him (935 and several other places in the play), as Jesus never really died (only His human body did, for three days and three nights)
-his “crucifixion” is accompanied by a disruption of the natural order, including a violent storm (1080-89), as is Jesus’ crucifixion (Matt. 27)
-last line of the play: “you see me, how I suffer, how unjustly”

 

-OEDIPUS (SOPHOCLES'S OEDIPUS THE KING & OEDIPUS AT COLONUS)

-both had a father who was/is a king (for God the Father rules all things)
-both had their lives threatened at a young age by a king who sought to kill them because he feared having his power usurped
-both had the tops of both their feet pierced! (Greek: diatorous podoin akmas=”piercings in the highest points of the feet”) (Oedipus the King verse 1034)
-both are reared in a country foreign to their birthplace, before they return there: as Oedipus went from Thebes to Corinth to Thebes, Jesus went from Nazareth to Egypt to Nazareth
-both save many people from destruction, for Oedipus by being the ONE person who could answer the Sphinx’s riddle stops the famine that the Sphinx had been inflicting on the people of Thebes; and his dead body “renders to you [the city of Theseus] a protection stronger than many shields or spears brought from outside…In this way, the city you live in shall never be ravaged by the men sprung from the sowing.” (Oedipus at Colonus 1524-25,1533-34) "There is only ONE name under heaven [Jesus'] by which men can be SAVED." (Acts 4:12)
-both become kings, for Jesus’ kingdom, “the kingdom of God, is among you” (Luke 17), insofar as Christians now are being ruled by Jesus who is their Lord
-both have extreme love/pity for their subjects.  Oedipus’s intense desire displayed at the beginning of Oedipus the King to save his Theban subjects from pain is symbolic of Jesus’ desire to save His people from all pain
-both are exiled from their cities (see Luke 23:26-32)
-both have miraculous circumstances surrounding their deaths. “That man was taken away…if any among mortals, by a miracle.” (Oedipus at Colonus 1664-65)
-both have bodies which have never been located after they died.  Oedipus says to Theseus: “Do not ever reveal to any human being either where it [his body] is concealed or the region in which it lies.” (Oedipus at Colonus 1522-23) Truly was Jesus’ body never found because it was resurrected!

Like Hippolytus (discussed below), Oedipus has many unique resemblances with other types of Christ as well, and thus indirectly with Christ:
-both Oedipus & Cyrus the Great (resemblances to Christ mentioned in Part Two) are abandoned as children on a mountain after their father/grandfather receives a prophecy that he will have his throne usurped by the child against his will, which leads the father (King Laius) & grandfather (King Astyages) to try to kill those children.  Both children are saved on a mountain by a shepherd. (Herodotus’s History 1.107-112)
-both become rulers over many people

-both Oedipus & Isaac (resemblances to Christ mentioned in Part Two) have their lives threatened at a young age by a father who seeks to kill them (Cf. Genesis 22), and both become blind

-both Oedipus & Joseph (resemblances to Christ mentioned in Part Two) have their lives threatened at an early age by family members (Joseph’s brothers vs. Oedipus’s father), save a city from famine after they answer a riddle that no one else could answer, and both then become rulers in their respective lands (in Thebes and in Egypt, respectively; interestingly, there is a Thebes in Egypt, so Joseph too ruled over a “Thebes”)

 

 

-PHILOCTETES (SOPHOCLES'S PHILOCTETES)

-"they would never take the towers of Troy, unless they persuaded Philoctetes & brought him from the island where he is now living" (v. 610-14); "Neoptolemus: 'Don't you think it is disgraceful to tell lies?' Odysseus: 'Not if the lie [to persuade Philoctetes to come to Troy] brings salvation!' " (v. 108-09) As Philoctetes was the one man who could save the Greeks from further being destroyed at Troy, so is there "only one name under heaven by which men can be saved": Jesus! (Acts 4:12)

-judged "first in valor" at Troy (1420), as Jesus is first in every virtue

-as Philoctetes suffered extreme pain & was abandoned by all people because of a serpent biting his heel (265-67, 281), so was Jesus abandoned by all when He was crucified, which event the Bible describes as the ancient serpent Satan bruising Jesus' heel (Genesis 3:15), as seen in the case of Achilles as well. Thus, Philoctetes shows us how much Jesus suffered out of love for us: "Papai, Apappapai, papa papa papa papai! I beg you, if you have a sword handy, strike at my heel! (exclamations transliterated from Greek, 745-47) "Oh death, death, why can you never come!" (797)

-Philoctetes is closely associated with Heracles/Hercules, a type of the Antichrist: for instance, he has Heracles' bow & Heracles after descending from heaven appears to him & Neoptolemus the son of Achilles at the end of the play and tells Philoctetes that his suffering will be followed by glory just as was true for Heracles.

 

 

-THE GREEK GOD BACCHUS/DIONYSUS
Dionysus has been depicted as hung on a cross:

 

bacchusBacchus crucified

I already discussed in Part One in my discussion of how dogs are symbols of God that God apparently created the Egyptian god Anubis, which has the nature of both dog and man and carries a cross in his hand, as a symbol of Christ.  Also, Zeus/Jupiter, the king of the Greek and Roman gods, appears to have been created by God as a symbol of Christ as well insofar as he was far more prominent than the other 11 gods, and insofar as the 11 gods appear to be symbols of the 11 apostles with whom Christ associated after Judas betrayed Him; they would somewhat fittingly be considered “gods” because they have Christ’s nature imparted to them and because they along with other Christians will rule with Christ when Christ’s kingdom triumphs over all the Earth (Rev. 5:10).  Dionysus (also called Bacchus) also seems to have been created by God as a symbol of Christ. 

 

-Interestingly, according to pg. 63 of  Edith Hamilton’s Mythology8, he was thought to take the form of a vine, just as Jesus called Himself “the vine” (John 15), and was thought to die every winter and be resurrected in the spring, just as Jesus died and was resurrected!  In an address by Lars Adelskogh at the International Seminar "The Sanskrit and Buddhist Sources of the New Testament", Klavreström, Sweden, September 11, 2003 (final version),9 he says:

According to the myth, as recounted by Diodorus Siculus, the Titans dismembered the little Dionysus child and boiled his body-parts. However, Demeter collected the body-parts and restored Dionysus to life, so that "he experienced a new birth as though it were his first one". (Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, 3:62)

 

-Adelskogh also says that “Dionysus was regarded as a physician that healed the sick...” as Jesus literally healed sick people like lepers and along with Socrates, as recorded often in Plato’s Dialogues, claimed to and did metaphorically “heal” sick souls (Lk. 9:12-13)

 

-“...and he possessed the ability to foresee the future,” as JESUS TRULY PROPHESIZES ABOUT THE RESURRECTION OF ALL HUMAN BODIES AND ETERNAL SALVATION AND ETERNAL DAMNATION.

 

-Adelskogh also says that: “there is a picture of him on a vase (about 400 B.C.) where he is hanging on a cross (a tree) above an altar table with vessels of wine,” as Jesus was crucified.

 

 

Here is some more interesting information about Dionysus from the Antigone and the Bacchae from my own careful studies of these plays:

 

---SOPHOCLES'S ANTIGONE

-“Let us visit all the temples of the gods with all-night dances, and may the BACCHIC GOD who shakes the land of Thebes be ruler!” (v. 152-54)

-“Dryas…for his mocking fury was pent by DIONYSUS in a rocky prison…He learned too late that he was mad in laying hands on the god, with mocking tongue; for he tried to check the inspired (“having gods inside”) women and the BACCHIC fire.” (955-65)

CHRIST TRULY FILLS HIS PEOPLE WITH HIS HOLY SPIRIT, WHICH IS SYMBOLIZED BY FIRE! (Acts 2:1)  AND HE IS VERY ANGRY WITH PEOPLE WHO TRY TO TURN PEOPLE FROM HIM!

-Directly after Creon “repents” of having unjustly punished Antigone, the Chorus says the following:

“YOU WHO HAVE MANY NAMES, PRIDE OF THE CADMEAN BRIDE AND CHILD OF ZEUS the loud-thunderer, you who rule famous Italy…BACCHIC GOD, who live in the mother city of the Bacchants, Thebes…Upon you looks the fiery flame of pitch beyond the rock with double peak, where walk the Corcyrian Bacchic nymphs, and where is the Castalian spring…

[Footnote: “During the winter months, when APOLLO was with the Hyperboreans, his BROTHER DIONYSUS occupied his shrine at Delphi.”  Since Apollo is the god of the Sun, which symbolizes the Son of God, this connection between Apollo & Dionysus is very interesting.  Jesus does indeed “have many names”!!!]

“…Her do you honor above all cities…and now, since the whole city is gripped with SICKNESS, come with CLEANSING movement upon the slope of Parnassus, or upon the resounding strait!  Hail, leader of the dance of the stars breathing fire, master of the voices heard by night, SON OF ZEUS, appear, KING, with your attendant Thyiads, who in their frenzy dance all night in honour of their lord Iacchus [i.e. BACCHUS]!” (1115-52) SO DOES CHRIST PASSIONATELY STIR UP HIS TRUE FOLLOWERS, AND  CHRIST TRULY CLEANSES ALL SIN!!!

 

---EURIPIDES'S BACCHAE

-son of Zeus (the King of the “gods”) and son of the virgin Semele! Jesus was born of a virgin & of God!

-but he is himself a god at the same time as being the “son of God”!!! (v.85)

-enters into a human body so that people may honor him! (v.4, 22)

-performs miracles, such as releasing prisoners, as Christ’s Spirit does in the Acts of the Apostles!!!

-causes his worshippers to perform miracles, such as giving people to tear apart animals, as the Lord Jesus Christ allowed Samson to do in The Book of Judges!!! “WHAT IS THE SURPASSING GREATNESS OF GOD’S POWER IN US WHO BELIEVE”!!! (Ephesians 1:19)

-his death is remembered by eating the body and drinking the blood of a sacrificial animal, as the Passover Lamb symbolizes Jesus, and as Christians eat bread and drink wine/juice as a remembrance of the body and blood of Christ poured out for us when he died!

-he makes water come from a rock (v. 705), as Christ does in Exodus 17 & Numbers 20, for the rock is a symbol of Christ! (1 Corinthians 10:1-5) THIS IS NO COINCIDENCE!  FOR WHAT HUMAN MIND WOULD THINK THAT WATER COULD COME FROM A ROCK!!!

-he is worshipped on a mountain flowing with milk and honey (v. 140) by people whom He fills with his spirit, as Christ will be worshipped on Mount Zion flowing with "milk and honey" by people whom He fills with His Spirit in the New Jerusalem!!!

-he is the god of wine, as Christ turns water into wine at the miracle of Cana (John 2) and  because He is the source of wine and every other good for mankind (although He does not wish us to get drunk on wine)!!!  Truly, as is said of Dionysus, “He is a God most fearsome but also a God most gentle to mankind” (v. 860)!!!

Therefore, listen to Dionysus as if you were listening to Jesus himself, and to his followers:

“SING AND DANCE FOR DIONYSUS AS THE RUMBLING DRUMS ROAR! GLORIFY HIM JOYOUSLY!!!” (v. 155-57, an echo of all of the Psalms!)

"Dionysus: You were late to understand us.  When you ought to have known us, you did not.

Cadmus: We have realized our mistakes now.  But your punishment is too severe.

Dionysus: Yes, but I am a god and was treated with hybris by you." [his last lines]

 

“SEEK THE LORD WHILE HE MAY BE FOUND.” (Isaiah 55:6)

 

THIS PLAY IS A WARNING TO THE WHOLE HUMAN RACE THAT WHOEVER DOES NOT WORSHIP JESUS AND HIS FATHER WILL SUFFER THE MOST DREADFUL PAINS FOR ETERNITY. PENTHEUS’S PUNISHMENT FOR NOT BELIEVING THAT DIONYSUS WAS GOD & THE SON OF GOD WAS TO HAVE “HARD-HITTING STONES” HURLED AT HIM (v. 1095) AND HIS SHOULDER, FOOT, ETC. WERE TORN OFF WHILE “HE SCREAMED IN PAIN.” (v. 1132) OH, DEAR BROTHERS, PLEASE DON’T LET THIS HAPPEN TO YOU.  I PRAY FERVENTLY, FRIENDS, THAT THESE WORDS WILL SINK DEEP INTO YOU AND THAT YOU WILL WARN EVERYONE OF THESE DREADFUL TORMENTS.  THIS IS VERY SERIOUS.  HERE IS A PICTURE OF HIS AGONIZING DEATH, AT WHICH HE IS STONED AND TORN APART. UNLIKE PENTHEUS'S DEATH THOUGH, THE SINNER WILL BE CONSCIOUS OF SUCH INTENSE PAIN FOR ETERNITY, FOR JESUS THREATENS HIM WITH "ETERNAL PUNISHMENT" AND "ETERNAL FIRE" (Matthew 25:46,41)

PENTHEUSDEATH

 

-HIPPOLYTUS (EURIPIDES'S HIPPOLYTUS)

Hippolytus is falsely accused by Phaedra, the wife of the ruler of Troezen, of raping her, and consequently is sent to die; just as Joseph of Genesis 37-50, made by God to symbolize Jesus (see Part Two), is falsely accused by Pharaoh's wife, the wife of the ruler of Egypt, of raping her, and consequently sent to prison with two criminals, to one of whom he promises pardon & to the other of whom he does not (Genesis 40-41), just as Jesus does while on the cross in Luke 23. Thus, the scene of Joseph in prison is symbolic of Jesus' death, and the parallel between Hippolytus & Joseph is even stronger.

Hippolytus: "I alone of mortals have this privilege: I am your companion & converse with you [Artemis, the "most beautiful" of the goddesses on Olympus, a symbol of God the Father in this instance], hearing your voice, though without seeing your face." (84-86) Compare with Jesus: John 12:49: "I have not spoken of myself; but the Father which sent me, He gave me a commandment, what I should say, and what I should speak."

H.: "You see this light and earth; in these, there is no man-even if you should deny it-more virtuous by nature than me. For I know first of all how to revere the gods...I am not someone who laughs at his companions, father, but the same to friends when they're away as when nearby. And by one thing I am untouched, the thing by which you now think you have me: to this very moment my body is pure of sex." (994-1003) Artemis calls him "just" and rebukes Theseus for ordering his death. (1299)

-"Follow me, follow, hymning the child of Zeus, heavenly Artemis, who cares for us." (59-60)

-When asked to commit adultery: "How could I be base, who feel impure just hearing such things?" (654-55)

 

"His own team of horses [who were reared in his stables by him (1240)] destroyed him, and the curses from your mouth, whihc you prayed to your father, the lord of the sea, against your son." (1166-68) Similarly, God the Father who is symbolized by Poseidon who rules the sea & by Theseus, and the Jews whom Jesus brought into being (John 1:3) & secretly governed (without their knowing so) were responsible for Jesus' death on the cross. Humans are also compared to horses, which are intelligent animals, in the Iliad, another work authored by God; for Hector, another person made by God to resemble Jesus who tames human beings, is a tamer & "breaker of horses" just like Hippolytus is. Also, as the death of Hippolytus was accompanied by a "supernatural wave" & "deep roar from the Earth" (1201-02, 1206) near the "rock of Asclepius" (1209: rocks & Asclepius the healer god symbolize Jesus), so is the death of Jesus (as well as Alexander the Great & Julius Caesar) accompanied by supernatural occurences such as an earthquake & darknening of the sun during the daytime.

(from Wikipedia:) In Roman mythology, Virbius (or Virbio) was the name of the reborn Hippolytus. His cult believed that Artemis asked Asclepius to resurrect the young man since he had vowed chastity to the goddess. He was brought to Latium, Italy, where he reigned under the name of Virbio or Virbius. After being resurrected, he married Aricia. According to another tradition, he lived in a sacred forest near Aricia in Latium.
His name means "twice a man", in reference to the fact that he was mortally wounded, but brought back to life. He was worshipped as a god of the forest.